Biosensors for Cardiovascular Disease Monitoring: Technologies, Applications, and Future Perspectives

Cardiovascular Disease (CVDs) are one of the major causes of death worldwide. Most importantly, there is an urgent need for accurate, continuous, and non-invasive monitoring technologies. Biosensors have currently emerged as one of the promises tools that enable real-time detection of a diversity of biochemical and physiological markers associated with CVDs. In this chapter, we provide a review of the state-of-the-art biosensors for cardiovascular monitoring, especially focusing on electrochemical, optical, gravimetric, thermal, acoustic, and radio-frequency biosensing kind. Particular attention is given to wearable and implantable systems capable of integration with e-health and Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) fields. Advances in this domain (e.g., dual-mode electrochemical-optical devices for cardiac troponin detection, photoplethysmography-based wearables, fiber Bragg grating sensors, and RF radar), are discussed in detail with a focusing on their advantages and limitations. As well, in this chapter, we reveal how biosensors are progressively playing an important role in multi-parametric monitoring, data connectivity, and predictive analytics toward early interventions and diagnosis.