Surface Catalysis in Heterogeneous Reactions

In this chapter, the author focuses on the issue of surface catalysis and the role of this subject in heterogeneous reactions with specific reference to industrial chemistry applications. The reactions during the heterogeneous catalysis can be described by the difference in the phase of the catalyst and reaction phase, where the solid catalyst is used in contact with gaseous or liquid reactants. The chapter explains the manner in which surface reactions take place, including the adsorption of reactants, surface reaction, and product desorption. Examples of how surface catalysis may be used to enhance reaction rate, selectivity, and efficiency include important industrial systems (such as the Haber process to make ammonia). The use of catalysts in the petrochemical industries, including hydrogenation process, cracking and reforming, is discussed. Strong aspects of surface catalysis, such as surface area, pore framework, temperature and pressure, are cited to depict optimization of processes. The chapter is actually a mixture of theoretical information and practical examples, which show how the interaction of molecules on the surface can regulate reactions on an industrial scale. Issues such as catalyst deactivation, sintering, catalyst poisoning and catalyst regeneration are explained, and provision of measures to improve the life and sustainability of catalysts is noted. The chapter combines principles and mechanisms and industrial significance that offer students the knowledge needed in the employment of catalysis research, chemical engineering and industrial process development.