Translational Challenges and Future Directions in 3-D for PCOS Nanotherapy

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial endocrine and metabolic disorder with complex pathophysiology characterized by dysregulations of various hormones, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation, and continues to pose difficulties to standard treatment. The advent of nanotechnology is likely to provide effective and bioaccessible treatment due to its capabilities in targeted and sustained drug release. Recently, 3-Dimension (3-D) nanotherapeutic model cell cultures, organoids, and bioprinted ovarian tissues have transformed PCOS preclinical investigations as these provide clinically accurate simulations for drug and mechanism of action screening, albeit there are still several hurdles to overcome for these models to clinically serve PCOS patients, including reproducibility and scalability, regulatory difficulties, and minimal clinical validations. This chapter discusses the challenges related to the translation of 3-D nanotherapy, PCOS, and the ethics and regulations of the technology. In addition, artificial intelligence, omics, and microfluidic organ-on-chip systems are discussed to further preclinical and clinical integration. This chapter aims to provide a roadmap for the integration of nanomedicine, bioengineering, and reproductive endocrinology to advance personalized and precision nanotherapy for PCOS.