Sustainable catalytic protocols for the synthesis of biologically active heterocyclic compounds

Advancement of sustainable catalytic protocols in the synthesis of heterocyclic compound has transformed modern chemistry, offering efficient, environmental friendly alternatives to conventional synthetic methodologies. This chapter delves into the principles of sustainable chemistry as applied to synthesis of heterocycle compounds, focusing on catalytic developments that reduce waste, improve atom economy, and minimize reliance on hazardous reagents. Heterogeneous catalytic protocols enhance recyclability and operational efficiency. Enzymatic catalysis presented unique opportunities for development of high stereo- and regioselectivity under normal conditions, advancement of the field toward more sustainable and biocompatible synthetic protocols. Additionally, mechanochemical and solvent-free reaction protocols provide promising strategy for reducing environmental toxicity and energy consumption, followed by green chemistry principles, highlight the role of sustainable catalysis in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. The convergence of experimental development further redefines catalytic design and reaction optimization, ensuring the sustainable evolution for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. This chapter will continue the exploration of sustainable synthetic protocols, emphasizing their vital contributions to heterocyclic chemistry and the broader pharmaceutical industry. Through interdisciplinary collaborations and technological innovations, sustainable catalytic protocols will continue to enhance the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and ecological viability for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds, paving the way for greener pharmaceuticals and a more sustainable future.