Recent advances in the synthesis and functional applications of heterocyclic compounds: Emerging strategies and multidisciplinary perspectives

Heterocyclic compounds form the cornerstone of modern organic and medicinal chemistry due to their widespread presence in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyes, and materials science. This chapter provides an overview of recent advances in the synthetic methodologies of heterocyclic frameworks and their diverse functional applications. Emphasis is placed on green chemistry approaches, transition metal catalysis, multicomponent reactions, and photoredox catalysis. The chapter also explores emerging applications of heterocycles in drug development, bioimaging, catalysis, and materials science, offering insight into future directions of heterocyclic chemistry research.